ABSTRACT Soils originating from the Caiuá sandstone formation have low soil organic matter (SOM), clay content, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The predominance of one component over the other might decisively influence the CEC of these soils. Particle size distribution and selective dissolution procedures associated to a suit of methods to determine the exchangeable capacity properties might clarify the relative importance of each soil component. The objective of this work was to evaluate the contribution of the different components of the solid fraction and their intrinsic attributes to the CEC of sandy-loam soils and their relation to the total organic carbon (TOC), C:N ratio, and soil mineralogy. For this purpose, 34 soil samples were selected from the Caiuá sandstone formation with significant variation in the carbon content. Clay size fraction was characterized by X-ray diffraction, routine chemical analysis, and total specific surface area-SSA T using EGME, before and after the removal of SOM with sodium hypochlorite solution. Different values of CEC and effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) were determined following standard procedures. The soils presented high sand content (82.9 ± 5.9 %) and the mineralogy of the clay fraction is dominated by kaolinite (>80 %) with the presence of illite, 2:1 clay minerals, and small amounts of iron and aluminum oxides. The CEC and ECEC values at pH 7.0 and ~5.6, respectively due to the SOM are 408.6 and 148.7 cmol c kg -1 of carbon, respectively. The SOM was responsible for 32 to 84 % (average 52 %) and 24 to 67 % (average of 46 %) of the CEC and ECEC of the soils, respectively. The CEC and ECEC of the inorganic fraction are 2.32 and 0.78 cmol c kg -1 of minerals, respectively. The CEC of the clay fraction increased with the TOC but decreased exponentially with the clay content. The total carbon content increased linearly with the C/N ratio. The SSA T showed a significant (p<0.05) and positive correlation with the TOC and with the CEC of the soils.

ABSTRACT Boron- B concentrations that cause deficiency and those that cause toxicity appear to be very similar, compared to other nutrients, which can complicate successful management of this element in soils. In this study, B adsorption onto two Oxisols from Brazil (Rhodic Eutroperox and Anionic Acroperox), two Alfisols (Natric Palexeralf and Aridic Paleustalf) and an Entisol (Xeric Torrifluvent) from the United States of America were evaluated. The samples were treated with sodium hypochlorite in order to remove soil organic matter. Both treated and untreated samples were used to determine B adsorption isotherms using different B concentrations (0-4.630 mmol L–1) and NaNO3 (0.05 M) as background electrolyte solution at pH 7. Boron adsorption envelopes were also measured using 0.463 mmol L–1 B at three ionic strengths (0.05, 0.1 and 1M) and NaNO3 as background electrolyte solutions at different pH values (3-12). The cation exchange capacity, specific surface area, free Al and Fe oxides, organic and inorganic carbon content, mineralogy and particle size distribution of the soils were also determined. The Langmuir isotherm and the constant capacitance model were fit to the B adsorption data and the parameters obtained were related to the chemical attributes by multiple linear regression equations. Boron maximum adsorption capacity (BMAC) and the complexation constant for the SH3BO4– inner-sphere complex (LogKB–) could be predicted under all experimental conditions. The Alc content was the main soil chemical attribute associated with the BMAC under the conditions evaluated and the LogKB–(int) in untreated and treated samples.

ABSTRACT: Fe-rich Oxisols on mafic rocks in Brazil generally have high magnetic susceptibility with high contents of some trace elements. These are taxonomically similar soils; however, differences in magnetic and geochemical properties may affect agricultural or environmental usability and subsequent management. This study investigated the pedogenesis of Fe-rich Oxisols from various parent materials and evaluated the lithogenetic influence on magnetic susceptibility and trace elements contents. Soil samples were collected from Bw horizons in 13 Rhodic Oxisols and a Typic Oxisol developed from several parent materials in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Soils were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and magnetometry. Soil chemical analyses consisted of sulfuric and total (tri-acid) digestions and selective Fe oxides dissolutions and statistical correlations were determined. Fe-rich Oxisols presented a typical mineralogical composition of highly weathered soils with structural stability. The results confirm the difficulty to identify accurately magnetic minerals in different grain sizes using XRD. However, coarse fractions still exert dominant influence on the magnetic properties of the Fe-rich Rhodic Oxisols. In addition, coarse fractions probably contribute to the enrichment of superparamagnetic particles for the clay fraction. Although highly weathered, Fe-rich Oxisols may have their geochemical attributes still controlled by the parent material, where trace elements seem to be correlated with the magnetic minerals in the coarse fractions. Thus, the natural replacement of some trace elements from soil-solution equilibrium reactions during plant development could be more effective in soils with higher magnetic particles concentrations in the coarse fractions.

ABSTRACT Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) and hematite (α-Fe2O3) are important iron oxides in Brazilian soils derived from basalt. Maghemite can transform into hematite when exposed to high temperatures. However, isomorphic substitution (e.g., Al3+) may largely influence this process. We analyzed the kinetics of thermal transformation of Al-maghemites into Al-hematites and some of its mineralogical aspects. Synthetic substituted maghemites with different degrees of Al-substitution (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.9, 3.8, 5.6, 6.7, 10.0, 12.0, and 17.1 mol% Al) were subjected to a temperature of 500±10 °C for 0, 5, 10, 16, 64, 128, 192, 360, 720, 2160, 3600, 5040, and 6480 min. After thermal treatment, samples were characterized by X ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), specific surface area (SSA) measurement, and total chemical analysis. XRD patterns were analyzed by Rietveld refinement, and maghemite and hematite contents were calculated using Rietveld refinement and the method proposed by Sidhu. Isomorphic substitution of Fe by Al increased the critical temperature of transformation and the time necessary for maghemite to hematite transformation. Rietveld refinement data showed a better fit than the data adjusted by the Sidhu method. Increasing isomorphic substitution also decreased lattice parameters and mean crystallite dimension (MCD) values in maghemite; but only c-dimension and MCD decreased with increasing Al-substitution in hematite. For maghemite, the SSA increased with isomorphic substitution, rising up to 5.9 mol% Al; for hematite, SSA increased linearly. SSA decreased with heating time, regardless of isomorphic substitution.

ABSTRACT Despite the considerable amount of information on the mineralogical characteristics of pedogenic Fe oxides in Brazilian soils, there are few studies on Fe-rich soils developed from mafic rocks with taxonomic identities at lower categorical levels. This study evaluated the mineralogical characteristics of pedogenic Fe oxides in B horizons (Bw) of Fe-rich Oxisols developed from several mafic rocks in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The Bw horizons were sampled at a 0.8-1.0 m depth in 13 Ferric and Perferric Rhodic Oxisols along with a Mesoferric Typic Oxisol originating from basalt, gabbro, tuffite, amphibolite and itabirite in Minas Gerais. The selected soils have taxonomic identities up to the fourth categorical level of the Brazilian System of Soil Classification. In the laboratory, the following analyses were made: a) powder X ray diffraction (XRD) of the clay fraction before and after selective concentration of Fe oxides by silicate alkaline dissolution (5 mol L-1 NaOH); b) selective chemical dissolution of the clay fraction by citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite (CBD), acid ammonium oxalate (AAO), and sulfuric acid (H2SO4 1.8 mol L-1); c) quantitative estimation of minerals in the clay fraction through allocation of phases from the XRD patterns, magnetic susceptibility of the clay fraction, and quantification of elements after sulfuric acid digestion (H2SO4 1:1) of the air-dried fine earth and treatment of the clay fraction with CBD; and d) estimation of the mean crystal size (MCS), specific surface area (SSA), and isomorphic Al-substitution (IS) of hematite, goethite, and maghemite from the XRD patterns obtained from concentrates of Fe oxides. The results showed that estimation of Fe content of maghemite by selective dissolution with 1.8 mol L-1 H2SO4 may not be accurate enough to realistically reflect the maghemite contents in the soil sample. The Al content extracted may also be influenced by other minerals that are sources of this element. Hematite crystals were predominantly placoid in shape in all Rhodic Oxisols and had smaller SSA compared to goethite, which showed both isodimensional and asymmetric habit. Higher crystallinity of maghemite and the IS values generally lower than those of hematite and goethite suggest that in well-drained soils derived from mafic rocks, the IS phenomenon in maghemites seems to result from pedogenetic advancement after its formation from magnetite oxidation.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de datas de rebaixamento (DR) e doses de nitrogênio (N) sobre os componente de rendimento de sementes puras (RSP) e de qualidade de sementes em capim-mombaça (Megathyrsus maximus 'Mombaça'), além de determinar os parâmetros de eficiência aparente do nitrogênio (EAN) e eficiência agronômica de nitrogênio (EAgN). Os experimentos foram realizados nas estações de crescimento em 2010/2011 e 2011/2012, em Umuarama, PR, Brasil. Os seguintes tratamentos foram avaliados: DR em 10 de outubro, 31 de janeiro, 15 de fevereiro e 1 de março; e as doses 0, 75, 150 e 225 kg ha-1 de N. Verificou-se interação significativa entre DR e doses de N quanto ao número de perfilhos com panículas (NPP), sementes puras por panícula, RSP, EAN e EAgN. Os valores de EAN e EAgN foram melhores com 150 kg ha-1 de N. A DR e o N não tiveram efeitos sobre a qualidade das sementes. O RSP foi estreitamente correlacionado ao NPP, às sementes puras por panícula e ao número de sementes puras. As DRs com maiores durações de crescimento e doses de N tiveram maiores RSP. O atraso da DR final até fevereiro e a disponibilidade de N reduziram os rendimentos. A data de rebaixamento e a adubação com N afetam as respostas do rendimento de sementes puras e as componentes do rendimento do capim-mombaça.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of closing cut dates (CCD) and nitrogen (N) rates on the components of pure seed yield (PSY) and seed quality in 'Mombasa' grass (Megathyrsus maximus 'Mombaça'), besides determining the parameters of apparent N efficiency (ANE) and agronomic N efficiency (AgNE). The field experiments were carried out over two growing seasons, 2010/2011 and 2011/2012, in Umuarama, PR, Brazil. The folllowing treatments were evaluated: CCD on October 10, January 31, February 15, and March 1; and N doses at 0, 75, 150, and 225 kg ha-1. Significant interactions between the CCD and N doses were observed for the panicle tiller number (PTN), pure seeds per panicle, PSY, ANE and AgNE. Values of ANE and AgNE were better for 150 kg N ha-1. There were no effects of CCD and N doses on seed quality. PSY was closely correlated with PTN, pure seeds per panicle, and pure seed number.The CCD treatments of longer growth duration and higher N doses showed the higher PSY. Final CCD delaying until February and N availability reduced yield. Closing cut date and N fertilization affect pure seed yield and yield component responses of 'Mombasa' grass.

ABSTRACT Burning is a common practice in tropical areas and related changes in mineralogy might affect the chemical and physical behavior of soils. Maghemite is a common iron oxide in soils formed from basic rocks in tropical regions. This mineral and hematite are the main pigments in these soils and exhibit high magnetization stemming from the precursor magnetite formed during the weathering process of primary minerals. The objective of the present study was to analyze changes in color, magnetic suceptibility values, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra, and available Fe and Al contents extracted with 1 mol L-1 KCl during the process of thermal transformation of synthetic Al-maghemites into Al-hematites. Synthetic substituted maghemites with different degrees of Al-substitution (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.9, 3.8, 5.6, 6.7, 10.0, 12.0, and 17.1 mol% Al) were subjected to a temperature of 500 ± 10 °C for 0, 5, 10, 16, 64, 128, 192, 360, 720, 2160, 3600, 5040 and 6480 min. The color of the samples was analyzed by a Munsell system in a colorimeter. Mass-specific magnetic susceptibility (χLF) was measured at low-frequency. Available Fe and Al contents were estimated by a 1 mol L-1 KCl solution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra were obtained through use of a Bruker Vertex 70X FTIR spectrophotometer at a spectral resolution of 4 cm-1. Contents of Fe and Al extracted by 1 mol L-1 KCl in Al-hematites were not detected. All samples analyzed exhibited YR hue. Hue proportion decreased with increased heating time, and color changed from brown to red. The increase in isomorphic substitution (IS) led to increased hue values from maghemite to hematite, and the latter then became yellower. The χLF values decreased with an increase in heating time, indicating transformation from a ferrimagnetic phase (maghemite) to an antiferrimagnetic phase (hematite). With increasing IS, the maghemite χLF values decreased. Bands of the initial members (time 0) in the FTIR spectra were indexed as maghemites. The end members after completion of the heat treatment were identified as hematites. The IS of Fe by Al in maghemite influenced the thermal transformation to hematite, as well as the color and χLF of the minerals. The χLF proved to be very efficient in detecting maghemites remaining after thermal processing. Fe and/or Al were not ejected from the hematite crystalline structure after heat treatment.

O uso agrícola de resíduos é uma alternativa interessante para ciclagem de nutrientes. A vinhaça biodigerida, gerada após o processo de sua biodigestão e produção de biogás, permite o reuso agrícola. O presente trabalho quantificou a produção de massa seca da parte aérea em plantas de alface, assim como o acúmulo foliar de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio após aplicação de vinhaça biodigerida no solo. Os tratamentos, com quatro repetições em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, utilizaram lodo anaeróbio de indústria de gelatina, vinhaça in natura, vinhaça biodigerida, além de tratamento testemunha. Foi aplicada a dose equivalente a 150 m³ ha-1 em vasos com capacidade para 5 L, sendo o experimento conduzido por 45 dias nos vasos. A vinhaça biodigerida foi produzida a partir da biodigestão anaeróbia de vinhaça, utilizando lodo anaeróbio de indústria de gelatina como fonte de micro-organismos. Tratamentos com vinhaça biodigerida demonstraram melhores índices de produção de massa seca da parte aérea e acúmulo de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio em folhas do que tratamentos utilizando vinhaça in natura.

The agricultural use of waste products represents an interesting alternative for nutrient cycling. Biodigested vinasse, the final waste product of vinasse biodigestion and biogas production, can be reused for agricultural purposes. The present work sought to quantify the shoot dry mass production of lettuce plants, as well as foliar nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content following the application of biodigested vinasse on soil. Biodigested vinasse was produced from anaerobic vinasse digestion, using anaerobic sludge as a source of microorganisms. The treatments, with four replications in entirely randomized design, consisted of anaerobic sludge from a gelatin factory, vinasse in natura, biodigested vinasse and a control treatment. The experiment was conducted over 45 days using 5 L vases and applying a dose equivalent to 150 m³ ha-1. Lettuce treated with biodigested vinasse showed higher shoot dry mass production and higher accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in its leaves than that treated with vinasse in natura.

Maghemitas sintéticas substituídas com Al foram caracterizadas por meio de análise química total, difratometria de raios-X (DRX), espectroscopia Mössbauer (EM) e magnetometria de amostra vibrante (MAV). Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar as propriedades estruturais, magnéticas e hiperfinas de γ-Fe2-xAl xO3, conforme a variação da concentração de Al.Os resultados de DRX dos produtos sintéticos foram indexados somente para maghemita. Com o aumento da substituição de Fe por Al, o diâmetro médio do cristalito diminuiu e levou todos os picos de difração para maiores ângulos º2θ. A dimensão a0 da cela unitária cúbica decresceu com o aumento de Al, de acordo com a equação a o = 0,8385 - 3,63 x 10-5 Al (R²= 0,94). A maioria dos espectros Mössbauer foi composta de um sexteto, mas na taxa mais alta de substituição de 142,5 mmol mol-1 Al um doubleto e sexteto foram obtidos a 300 K. Todos os parâmetros hiperfinos do subespectro foram consistentes com o alto spin Fe3+ (0,2 a 0,7 mms-1) e sugeriram um forte componente superparamagnético associado com o dubleto. O campo magnético hiperfino dos sextetos decresceram com a substituição de Al [Bhf (T) = 49,751 -0,1202Al; R² = 0,94], enquanto as larguras da linha aumentaram de forma linear. A magnetização de saturação também diminuiu com o aumento da substituição isomórfica.

Synthetic aluminum-substituted maghemites were characterized by total chemical analysis, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Mössbauer spectroscopy (ME), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The aim was to determine the structural, magnetic, and hyperfine properties of γ-Fe2-xAl xO3 as the Al concentration is varied. The XRD results of the synthetic products were indexed exclusively as maghemite. Increasing Al for Fe substitution decreased the mean crystalline dimension and shifted all diffraction peaks to higher º2θ angles. The a0 dimension of the cubic unit cell decreased with increasing Al according to the equation a o = 0.8385 - 3.63 x 10-5 Al (R²= 0.94). Most Mössbauer spectra were composed of one sextet, but at the highest substitution rate of 142.5 mmol mol-1 Al, both a doublet and sextet were obtained at 300 K. All hyperfine parameters from the sub-spectra were consistent with high-spin Fe3+ (0.2 a 0.7 mms-1) and suggested a strong superparamagnetic component associated with the doublet. The magnetic hyperfine field of the sextets decreased with the amount of Al-substitution [Bhf (T) = 49.751 - 0.1202Al; R² = 0.94] while the linewidth increased linearly. The saturation magnetization also decreased with increasing isomorphous substitution.

A utilização de testes de rotina para determinação de atributos físicos e químicos do solo vem sendo adotada há diversos anos. No entanto, devido a problemas de ordem econômica e ambiental, surge a necessidade do desenvolvimento de novos métodos de avaliação. Nesse contexto, insere-se a espectroscopia de reflectância difusa como ferramenta promissora e rápida, capaz de ajudar na determinação desses atributos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estudar o comportamento espectral das frações silte, areia e argila e avaliar a possibilidade de quantificação desses atributos a partir de modelos de regressão individuais gerados para cada elemento. Para geração dos modelos, foram utilizadas frações individuais de silte, areia e argila provenientes de duas áreas formadas por materiais distintos. A validação dos modelos foi feita utilizando o fator de reflectância de amostras de solo no estado natural, advindas de uma área no município de Lobato - PR. Os resultados mostraram que foi possível estimar a percentagem de areia nas amostras de solo de Lobato de maneira satisfatória quando utilizados os modelos individuais da usina Cooperval, não sendo obtido o mesmo quando da utilização dos modelos individuais ajustados para a Fazenda Experimental de Iguatemi. Com relação às frações silte e argila, não foi possível estimá-las satisfatoriamente nas amostras de solo de Lobato quando utilizados os modelos individuais. Conclui-se que, embora os resultados não tenham atingido o patamar ideal, a espectrorradiometria difusa mostrou ser uma ferramenta promissora na estimativa dos atributos físicos do solo, podendo num futuro próximo auxiliar ou mesmo substituir os métodos analíticos de laboratório, reduzindo o tempo e o custo das análises.

Routine tests to determine physical and chemical soil properties have been used for several years. However, due to economic and environmental problems, new assessment methods must be developed. In this context, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is a promising and quick tool in the determination of these properties. The objective of this work was to study the spectral behavior of the silt, sand and clay fractions and evaluate the possibility of quantifying these properties with regression models generated for each individual element. To develop the models, individual silt, sand and clay fractions from two areas formed by different materials were used. The models were validated using the reflectance factor of soil samples in their natural state collected in the municipality of Lobato, Paraná. The results showed that it was possible to satisfactorily estimate the percentage of sand in soil samples from Lobato by individual models of the Cooperval production plant, unlike in the case of individual models adjusted for the Experimental Farm of Iguatemi. It was not possible to estimate the silt and clay fraction in the Lobato soil samples satisfactorily by the individual models. It was therefore concluded that although the results had not reached the ideal level, diffuse spectroradiometry proved to be a promising tool for the estimation of soil physical properties; in the near future this technique may support or even replace the analytical laboratory methods, reducing the time and cost spent on the analyses.

A compreensão e a quantificação do impacto dos sistemas de uso e manejo nos teores de C orgânico do solo (COS) e em propriedades físicas são fundamentais para o desenvolvimento de sistemas agrícolas sustentáveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alterações em alguns atributos físicos e COS de um Latossolo Vermelho da região noroeste do Paraná sob diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo: mata nativa, pastagem e as culturas de mandioca e de cana-de-açúcar. Foram coletadas amostras deformadas para determinação da textura, da densidade de partículas, do ensaio de Proctor normal e dos teores de matéria orgânica; e amostras indeformadas, para determinação da densidade do solo (Ds) e porosidade do solo. Os resultados indicaram que os sistemas de manejo estudados induziram alterações nos atributos físicos do solo em relação à mata nativa, o que foi verificado pelos maiores valores de Ds, densidade relativa do solo e densidade máxima do solo e menores valores de macroposidade, porosidade total, COS e estoque de C do solo, na seguinte ordem crescente: pastagem, mandioca e cana-de-açúcar. Contudo, as áreas não são consideradas fisicamente degradadas. Os valores de densidade máxima do solo foram de 1,91, 1,93, 2,00 e 2,03 Mg m-3, e os de estoque de C do solo, de 17,8, 16,6, 12,8 e 12,1 Mg ha-1, para mata nativa, pastagem, mandioca e cana-de-açúcar, respectivamente.

Understanding and quantifying the impact of land use and soil management on soil organic carbon (SOC) levels and physical properties is essential for the development of a sustainable agriculture. The purpose of this study was to evaluate some physical properties and SOC of an Oxisol in the Northwest of the state of Paraná, under different use and soil management systems, i.e., under native forest, pasture, cassava, and sugarcane. Disturbed soil samples were collected for particle size, particle density, proctor and organic carbon analyses and undisturbed samples (rings) to determine bulk density (Ds) and soil porosity. Results indicated that the land use and management systems induced changes in the soil physical properties in comparison to native forest. This was inferred from the higher values of soil Ds, maximum bulk density, and relative bulk density, and the lower values of macroporosity, total porosity, SOC and soil carbon stock, in the following growing order: pasture, cassava and sugarcane. However, the areas are not considered physically degraded.

Dejetos líquidos de suínos são produzidos em grandes volumes no oeste dos Estados do Paraná e Santa Catarina e reutilizados como fonte de nutrientes. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as perdas de N-NO3-1 após aplicação de dejetos líquidos de suínos em três amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico com diferentes teores de matéria orgânica e valores de pH, coletadas em diferentes profundidades. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o completamento casualizado com um solo, três teores de matéria orgânica (34,09; 22,36 e 8,6 g dm-3), quatro níveis de pH em CaCl2 (4,0; 5,0; 6,0 e 7,0) e três repetições. Cada unidade experimental continha 450 cm³ de solo que recebeu uma dose de DLS equivalente a 120.000 dm-3 ha-1. Avaliou-se a concentração de nitrato (N-NO3-1) na solução lixiviada após a aplicação, semanalmente, de uma lâmina de água equivalente a precipitação de 150 mm, por um período de 35 dias. As quantidades de N-NO3-1 lixiviadas aumentaram com o teor de matéria orgânica e com o pH do solo. A quantidade de nitrato lixiviado tende ser máxima em valores de pH próximos ou acima de 7,0.

Liquid swine manures are produced in large volumes in the western Paraná and Santa Catarina states and are reused as a source of nutrients. This study aimed to evaluate the losses of nitrate (N-NO3-1) after application of liquid swine manures in three samples of a Latosol (Rhodic Eutrudox) with different levels of soil organic matter and pH collected at different depths. The experimental design was completely randomized with one soil, three levels of soil organic matter (34.09, 22.36 and 8.6 g dm-3), four pH in CaCl2 (4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0) conditions and three replications. Each experimental unit contained 450 cm³ of soil that received a dose of liquid swine manures equivalent to 120,000 dm-3 ha-1. The concentration of N-NO3-1 was evaluated in the leaching solution after the weekly application of water equivalent to 150 mm for a period of 35 days. The amount of N-NO3-1 leached increased with soil organic matter content and soil pH. The amount of nitrate leached tends to be maximum at pH close to or above 7.0.

O P é um dos macronutrientes primários essenciais para a produção vegetal. Apesar de ser o menos absorvido pelas plantas, é o mais utilizado nas adubações nos solos das regiões tropicais e subtropicais úmidas. Isso ocorre porque o P tem grande interação com os óxidos de Fe e Al, abundantes nessas condições. O estudo dessas interações é importante para se conhecer melhor a relação entre os constituintes do solo e a adsorção de P. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar como os componentes da fração argila antes e após a dissolução seletiva dos óxidos de Fe dos solos e alguns de seus atributos mineralógicos influenciam na capacidade máxima de adsorção de P (CMAP). Para isso, foram utilizadas 20 amostras da fração argila isolada do horizonte B de solos do Estado do Paraná, as quais foram caracterizadas em seus atributos químicos e mineralógicos. Nesses solos, a CMAP e a área superficial específica externa (ASE) foram determinadas na fração argila natural (CMAP, ASE) e desferrificada (CMAPd, ASEd). Os valores de CMAP não apresentaram tendência definida com a dissolução seletiva dos óxidos de Fe. Em 13 amostras, a CMAPd foi maior do que a CMAP. Na fração argila natural, os teores de Fe d variaram entre 25,89 e 108,79, e os de Al d, entre 6,69 e 30,09 g kg-1. As formas de Al livre (Al d) e de baixo grau de cristalinidade (Al o) apresentaram maiores coeficientes de correlação com a CMAP e com a CMAPd (r = 0,66 e 0,70, respectivamente). Entre os atributos químicos analisados, o P remanescente (Prem) pode ser utilizado na estimativa da CMAP.

Phosphorus is among the macronutrients the least absorbed by plants. Nevertheless, the amount of P-containing fertilizers applied to humid tropical and subtropical soils in relatively high. The reason is the strong interaction between of P and Fe and Al oxides, which are abundant in these soils. The study of these interactions is fundamental to know more about the relations between phosphorus adsorption and soil constituents. The objective of this study was to evaluate how the minerals in the clay fraction, before and after selective dissolution of the iron oxides and of different soils and how some of their mineralogical properties affect the maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity (MPAC). For this purpose, chemical and mineralogical soil properties, were characterized in the clay fraction of the B-Horizons in 20 samples soil from the State of Paraná. In these soils the maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity (MPAC) and the external specific surface area (SSA) were determined in the clay fraction before (MPAC, SSA) and after (MPACd, SSAd) selective dissolution of the free iron oxides. No definite tendency of MPAC was observed with the selective dissolution of the iron oxides. The MPAC values were higher than the MPACd in seven and lower in 13 samples. In the clay fraction, Fe d levels ranged from 25.9 to 108.8 g kg-1; and Al d 6.7 to 30.1 g kg-1. The Al free (Al d) and poorly crystalline forms (Al o) were best correlated with MPAC and MPACd (r = 0.66 and 0.70, respectively). Among the chemical properties analyzed, remaining phosphorus (P-rem) can be used to estimate MPAC.

Os minerais ferrimagnéticos maghemita (γFe2O3) e magnetita (Fe3O4) possuem alta relação com a disponibilidade de cátions metálicos e com a capacidade do solo em adsorver ânions como o fosfato. Uma percentagem expressiva dos solos brasileiros apresenta magnetização espontânea. No Estado do Paraná essa área corresponde a aproximadamente 50 %. A determinação da suscetibilidade magnética por unidade de massa (ΧBF) é o método mais simples de identificar a presença e quantificar esses minerais nos solos. A BF é uma técnica rápida, barata, não destrutiva e de boa reprodutibilidade, que pode ser utilizada como critério nos estudos pedogenéticos em que os minerais ferrimagnéticos estão presentes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência do material de origem nos valores de ΧBF da terra fina seca ao ar (TFSA) de amostras do horizonte B de solos do Paraná. As amostras foram coletadas em todo o Estado, num total de 45 pontos. Na TFSA foram determinados os valores de BF e da porcentagem da frequência dependente da suscetibilidade magnética (ΧFD). Os valores de suscetibilidade magnética dos solos formados sobre rochas eruptivas básicas foram significativamente maiores (1.000 a 7.800 x 10-8 m³ kg-1) que os encontrados em solos formados sobre rochas metamórficas e sedimentares (menores do que 500 x 10-8 m³ kg-1), demonstrando a influência do material de origem na presença de minerais ferrimagnéticos. Os valores de ΧFD indicaram a presenca de partículas superparamagnéticas (maghemita) na maioria dos solos paranaenses.

The ferrimagnetic minerals maghemite (γFe2O3) are closely related with metal availability and P adsorption capacity. Magnetization is spontaneous in a significant percentage of Brazilian soils. In the State of Paraná (Brazil) this area represents up to 50 %. The determination of the mass-specific magnetic susceptibility (ΧBF) is the simplest method of identification and quantification of ferrimagnetic minerals in soils. The ΧLF is a quick, cheap, non-destructive technique, with satisfactory reproducibility, and can be used as a criterion in pedogenetic studies involving ferrimagnetic minerals. The aim of this paper was to verify the influence of parent rock material on ΧLF values of air-dried fine earth of B horizon of soil samples from Paraná. The samples were collected at 45 sites across the entire State to determine the ΧLF values and percentage of frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility (ΧFD). The values of mass-specific magnetic susceptibility of soils formed from basic eruptive rocks were significantly higher (1,000 to 7,800 x 10-8 m³ kg-1) than of those from sedimentary and metamorphic rocks (lower than 500 x 10-8 m³ kg-1). The data show the strong influence of the parent rock material on the presence of ferrimagnetic minerals. The ΧFD values indicate the presence of superparamagnetic particles (maghemite) in the majority of the Paraná State soils.

Os solos tropicais altamente intemperizados tendem a acumular residualmente óxidos de ferro e alumínio. Entre os óxidos e hidróxidos de ferro presentes na fração argila, a goethita (Gt) e a hematita (Hm) são os mais abundantes e estudados. No entanto, há poucos estudos acerca da identificação e quantificação da maghemita (Mh), um mineral ferrimagnético que está na fração argila dos solos, principalmente naqueles desenvolvidos de rochas máficas. A Mh e a magnetita (Mt) são responsáveis pela magnetização espontânea dos solos. Esse atributo mineralógico pode ser medido nos solos e sedimentos pela susceptibilidade magnética por unidade de massa (χBF), cuja magnitude é proporcional à concentração dos minerais ferrimagnéticos e é objeto de estudos em todo mundo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e quantificar, por χBF, os minerais ferrimagnéticos de 32 amostras do horizonte B de solos do Estado do Paraná. As formas minerais presentes na fração argila concentrada de óxidos de ferro foram identificadas e semiquantificadas por difratometria de raios-X (DRX). Nessa fração, os minerais mais abundantes são a Gt e a Hm. A Mh foi detectada em 31 amostras por χBF e em apenas 17 por DRX. Os valores de χBF variaram de 16 a 8.077 na TFSA, de 12 a 7.953 na fração argila e de 0 a 18.737x10-8 m³ kg-1 na fração argila, após concentração dos óxidos de ferro. A Mh dos solos estudados apresentou valor médio de χBF em 62.728x10-8m³ kg-1 e sua presença nos difratogramas de raios-X só foi verificada em amostras com valores de χBF acima de 1.000x10-8m³ kg-1.

Highly weathered tropical soils tend to accumulate iron and aluminum oxy-hydroxides. Among the iron oxy-hydroxides found in the clay fraction, goethite (Gt) and hematite (Hm) are the most abundant and studied. A smaller number of investigations have been publish to identify and to quantify maghemite (Mh), a ferrimagnetic mineral present in the clay size fraction of the soils, mainly in those developed from mafic rocks. Maghemite, along with magnetite (Mt) is responsible for the spontaneous magnetic behavior of the soils. This mineralogical attribute can be easy measured, in soils and sediments by mass magnetic susceptibility (χLF), which magnitude is proportional to the concentration of ferrimagnetic minerals and it has been object of studies worldwide. The purpose of this research was to identify and quantify, by χLF, the ferrimagnetic minerals of 32 samples from B-horizons of Paraná state soils. The mineral species present in the iron oxides concentrated clay size fractions were identified and semiquantified by x-rays diffraction (XRD). In this fraction the most abundant minerals are Gt and Hm. Maghemite was detected in 31 samples by χLF and in only 17 samples by XRD. The χLF values ranged from 16 to 8.077x10-8m³ kg-1 in the fine earth; from 12 to 7.953x10-8m³ kg-1 in clay fraction and from 0 to 18.737x10-8m³ kg-1 in clay fraction, after concentration of the iron oxides. The Mh of the soils presented an average value of 62.728x10-8m³ kg-1 and their presence in the X-rays diffractograms was only observed in samples with χLF values above 1.000x10-8m³ kg-1.